Human Skeleton and Bone Structure:The human body contains a total of 206 bones, which are divided into two main categories: 80 axial bones and 126 appendicular bones. Axial Bones:The axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones, including 29 in the head and 51 in the trunk.Head Bones:The head consists of 29 bones, which include 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, the hyoid bone, and 6 auditory bones. The 8 cranial bones are the frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial bones include 2 maxillae, the mandible, 2 zygomatic bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 nasal bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, the vomer, and 2 palatine bones. The hyoid is a U-shaped bone located at the base of the tongue. The auditory ossicles, consisting of the malleus, incus, and stapes, are found in each ear.Trunk Bones:The trunk consists of 51 bones, including 26 vertebrae, 24 ribs, and the sternum. The vertebrae are categorized into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, along with the sacrum and coccyx. The 24 ribs are made up of 14 true ribs, 6 false ribs, and 4 floating ribs. The sternum is a flat bone located at the center of the chest.Appendicular Bones:The appendicular skeleton comprises 126 bones, with 64 located in the upper limbs (arms, wrists, and hands) and 62 in the lower limbs (legs, ankles, and feet).Upper Limb Bones:The upper limbs include 64 bones, consisting of 10 shoulder and arm bones, 16 wrist bones, and 38 hand bones. The shoulder and arm bones are the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna, with one of each on both sides. The wrist bones include the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate on each side. The hand bones comprise 10 metacarpal bones and 28 phalanges (finger bones).Lower Limb Bones:The lower limbs consist of 62 bones, including 10 hip and leg bones, 14 ankle bones, and 38 foot bones. The hip and leg bones include the innominate bone (formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis), femur, tibia, fibula, and patella (kneecap) on each side. Ankle bones include the talus, calcaneus (heel bone), navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones on each side. The foot bones are made up of 10 metatarsals and 28 phalanges (toe bones).
