Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a persistent inflammatory disorder caused by an autoimmune response. In autoimmune diseases, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. Individuals with lupus have abnormal antibodies in their bloodstream that specifically target their own body tissues. Lupus can affect the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, joints, and nervous system. When the condition is confined to the skin, it is referred to as discoid lupus. However, when internal organs are impacted, it is known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Up to 10% of people with discoid lupus eventually progress to the systemic form of lupus (SLE). SLE is significantly more prevalent in women, occurring eight times more frequently than in men. The exact causes of SLE remain unknown, but factors such as genetics, infections, ultraviolet light, and certain medications may contribute to its development.For the diagnosis of SLE, eleven criteria have been established: 1. A "butterfly" rash over the cheeks2. A discoid rash characterized by patchy redness that may lead to scarring3. Skin rash triggered by sun exposure4. Ulcers in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or throat5. Swelling and tenderness in two or more joints6. Inflammation of the tissue lining the heart or lungs, typically causing chest pain when breathing7. Kidney issues, such as abnormal levels of protein or cellular elements in urine8. Brain involvement, indicated by seizures and/or psychosis9. Abnormal blood counts, including low white or red blood cell counts, or low platelet counts10. Immunological disorders, identified through tests such as anti-DNA or anti-Sm (Smith) antibodies, false-positive blood tests for syphilis, anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, or a positive LE prep test11. A positive antinuclear antibody testThe treatment for SLE primarily focuses on reducing inflammation and suppressing the autoimmune response. People with SLE can help prevent disease "flares" by avoiding sun exposure and maintaining consistent use of their prescribed medications.

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