Sphygmomanometer:This is a tool used to measure blood pressure, particularly in the arteries. There are two main types: one uses a mercury column, and the other has a dial gauge. The more commonly used version today features a gauge connected to a rubber cuff, which is placed around the upper arm and inflated to restrict blood flow in the arteries.Blood pressure readings are composed of two numbers: the systolic and the diastolic. The systolic number represents the phase when the heart pumps blood into the arteries, while the diastolic number indicates the resting phase when the heart refills with blood. During each heartbeat, blood pressure reaches the systolic level, and between beats, it falls to the diastolic level.With the cuff inflated, a stethoscope is positioned over the brachial artery in the arm's bend. As the air is slowly released from the cuff, the first sound heard through the stethoscope indicates the systolic pressure. As the air continues to escape, the sound eventually fades and disappears, marking the diastolic pressure. For instance, a blood pressure reading might be 120/78 mmHg, pronounced "120 over 78."A normal adult blood pressure reading is often around 120/78, though this can vary based on age and other factors. Special-sized cuffs may be necessary for children or adults with arms that are not average in size.The sphygmomanometer was first introduced in 1896 by Italian physician Scipione Riva-Rocci. Later, American physiologist Joseph Erlanger explored the principles of this method and developed a version that records blood pressure.The term "sphygmomanometer" is derived from the Greek word "sphygmos," meaning the heartbeat or pulse, combined with "manometer," a device used to measure pressure or tension.
