Gallstones are solid formations that occur when certain substances solidify. They can vary in size, from as tiny as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. A person might have a single large stone, numerous small ones, or a mix of sizes. If gallstones move into any of the ducts that transport bile from the liver, they can obstruct its normal flow. These ducts include the hepatic ducts, which carry bile from the liver; the cystic duct, which transports bile to and from the gallbladder; and the common bile duct, which delivers bile from both the hepatic and cystic ducts to the small intestine. When bile is trapped in these ducts, it can lead to inflammation in the gallbladder, ducts, or, in rare instances, the liver. Additionally, the pancreatic duct, which conveys digestive enzymes from the pancreas, also empties into the common bile duct. If a gallstone blocks this opening, it can cause the enzymes to become trapped in the pancreas, leading to a painful condition known as gallstone pancreatitis. Prolonged blockage of any of these ducts can result in severe damage or infections affecting the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas.Gallstone episodes often happen after eating, particularly after consuming fatty foods. Symptoms may include pain lasting several hours in the upper abdomen, back, or under the right shoulder blade, along with nausea, vomiting, bloating, or indigestion. These signs can be similar to other medical issues, making precise diagnosis crucial.There are two main types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones make up about 80% of gallstones in North America and Europe, while pigment stones, rich in bilirubin, account for over 90% of gallstones in Asia. Gallstones are more prevalent in women, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, and those who are overweight.The most common treatment is laparoscopic surgery to remove the gallbladder, a procedure known as cholecystectomy. Open surgery may be necessary if complications arise. The gallbladder is not essential for survival, and without it, bile flows directly into the small intestine instead of being stored.
