Fluid in the Brain:Medically referred to as "hydrocephalus," this condition involves an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain's ventricles. This fluid is often under increased pressure, which can lead to brain damage. Hydrocephalus can develop before birth or at any point afterward. It can be caused by various factors, including congenital abnormalities, bleeding into the brain, infection, tumors, or head trauma. Most cases result from blocked cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow within the ventricular system. In cases of birth defects, physical blockages in the ventricular system are typically the cause. Hydrocephalus frequently accompanies spina bifida (meningomyelocele)."Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo" refers to brain damage resulting from injury or disease, which may cause actual shrinkage of brain tissue. This form of hydrocephalus occurs not due to increased CSF pressure but because the CSF fills the space left by the shrinking brain.Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) can arise from a slow obstruction of CSF drainage paths in the brain. Although the ventricles enlarge, the CSF pressure remains normal. NPH is marked by symptoms such as memory loss, balance issues, and a general decrease in activity levels. In older adults or those with certain conditions, the entire brain may shrink, and the space is filled by CSF. This occurs independently of hydrocephalus.Hydrocephalus symptoms vary depending on age. In infants, a noticeably large head is a common sign, which is why head measurements are taken at every well-baby visit. Other symptoms in infants include vomiting, drowsiness, irritability, an inability to look upwards, and seizures. In older children and adults, head enlargement does not occur, but headaches, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes blurred vision are common. They may also experience balance problems, delayed development in walking or talking, and poor coordination. Additional symptoms may include irritability, fatigue, seizures, personality changes, difficulty concentrating, or memory issues. As the condition progresses, drowsiness and double vision may also appear.Treating hydrocephalus typically involves inserting a shunt to drain excess fluid and alleviate brain pressure. The shunt, a flexible plastic tube with a one-way valve, directs CSF flow from the brain to another area of the body where it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.The prognosis for hydrocephalus varies based on the underlying cause and the timing of diagnosis and treatment. Many children who receive treatment can lead normal lives with minimal limitations. However, some may experience language and cognitive impairments. Shunt complications, such as infections or malfunctions, may require surgical revisions.The term "hydrocephalus" is derived from Greek and means "watery head."
